Cure of hepatitis b

 What is hepatitis b?

Hepatitis B is an inflammatory disease of viral origin, which involves the liver by altering its functionality.

Hepatitis B can occur in both acute and chronic forms. Usually, the acute form is self-limiting and resolves itself, while for the chronic form it is necessary to resort to the use of drugs.

How hepatitis b is transmitted || How hepatitis b spread

Hepatitis B is caused by a DNA virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family: the hepatitis B virus or HBV.

HBV is transmitted through the blood or body fluids (such as vaginal secretions and semen ) of infected individuals.

Those exposed to a greater risk of contagion are certainly drug addicts who often use used syringes (perhaps from infected people) to inject drugs, people who have unprotected sex, and health and emergency personnel who can easily enter contact with patients blood and body fluids. In addition, infants whose mothers have hepatitis B can become infected during childbirth.

Symptoms of Hepatitis B

Most individuals with hepatitis B show no symptoms of any kind. In the case of symptomatic hepatitis B, however, nausea and vomiting, weakness, fever, loss of appetite, muscle pain, abdominal pain, dark urine, light stools, and jaundice may occur.

In adult patients, hepatitis B usually occurs in an acute and asymptomatic form and tends to self-resolve. In children, on the other hand, the hepatitis B virus can cause chronic infections more easily than in adults. Chronic hepatitis B can lead to dangerous complications, such as cirrhosis, fibrosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.

The information on Hepatitis B - Medicines to Treat Hepatitis B is not intended to replace the direct relationship between health professionals and patients. Always consult your doctor and/or specialist before taking Hepatitis B - Medicines to Treat Hepatitis B.

What can cure hepatitis b? || Treatment of hepatitis b guidelines

The use or not of drugs for the treatment of hepatitis B depends on the form in which the disease presents itself.

The acute form of hepatitis B usually does not require any type of therapy, since the immune system can eradicate the virus independently. Despite this, patients with acute hepatitis B must still keep the course of the disease under control using appropriate analyzes and must introduce small changes in their lifestyle.

More specifically, this category of patients must adopt a balanced diet rich in light foods, avoid hyperlipidemic foods and alcohol, drink plenty of fluids, and rest. For further information: Diet and Hepatitis

The question is different, however, for patients suffering from chronic hepatitis B. In this case, it is necessary to resort to the use of drugs, such as antivirals and immunostimulants, even if it is not always possible to completely eradicate the infection.

The following are the classes of drugs most used in the therapy against chronic hepatitis B and some examples of pharmacological specialties; it is up to the doctor to choose the active ingredient and dosage most suitable for the patient, based on the severity of the disease, the state of health of the patient and his response to treatment.

Interferons

Interferons are proteins that are normally produced by our immune system when the presence of dangerous agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and even cancer cells is detected.

Medicines based on interferons contain, in fact, these proteins and are defined as immunostimulating drugs since they can "collaborate" with the patient's immune system, helping him to eradicate, in this case, the viral infection.

Among the interferons used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, we find:

Natural interferon-alpha (Alfaferone ®): even if the optimal dosage of the drug for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B has not yet been exactly established, the dose of natural interferon-alpha usually used is 2.5-5 million IU / m 2 of body surface area, to be administered three times a week intramuscularly or subcutaneously. The duration of treatment is generally 4-6 months.

Interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A ®): the drug dose usually administered for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B is 2.5-5 million IU / m 2 of body surface area, to be administered subcutaneously three times a week, for 4-6 months.

Interferon alfa-2b ( IntronA ®): for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, the dose of drug usually used is 5-10 million IU, to be administered subcutaneously three times a week on alternate days.

Peginterferon alfa-2a ( Pegasys ®): the dose of drug usually used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults is 180 micrograms once a week, to be administered subcutaneously. For children, the amount of drugs to be given varies according to their height and body weight.

Antivirals for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B

As can be deduced from their very name, the antiviral drugs used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B have the task of fighting and eradicating the HBV virus.

Among the antivirals used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, we find:

Lamivudine ( Zeffix ®, Lamivudine Teva ®): the dose of the drug usually administered is 100 mg per day, to be taken orally. In patients with kidney problems, the doctor may decide to prescribe a lower dose of lamivudine than is normally used.

Adefovir ( Hepsera ®): the dose of antiviral usually used is 10 mg per day, to be taken orally. Lower doses of adefovir may be prescribed in patients with kidney disorders.

The drugs just described can be taken individually or in combination. The following combined therapies can also be used for the treatment of hepatitis B :

Interferon alfa + lamivudine;

Peginterferon alfa + lamivudine or adefovir;

Adefovir + lamivudine.

Furthermore, it is good to remember that all patients with hepatitis B (acute or chronic) must avoid the use of paracetamol, ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, and other drugs that can overload the liver already tried by the disease.

Vaccines for Hepatitis B

In any case - despite the presence of different therapeutic strategies for the treatment of hepatitis B - the best weapon against this pathology remains prevention. 

in this regard, a vaccine and immunoglobulin treatments are available that are used in the immunoprophylaxis of hepatitis B:

Hepatitis B vaccine ( Hbvaxpro ®): the vaccine is administered in three different doses of 5 micrograms each in patients aged 0 to 15 years. It is administered intramuscularly (generally in the thigh of newborns and infants and in the deltoid muscle of children and adolescents). The first two injections must be given one month apart, while the third dose is injected six months after the first administration.

The vaccine can guarantee immunization from the hepatitis B virus for 20 years.

Anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulins (Igantibe ®, Niuliva ®): immunoglobulins allow to obtain passive immunization against the hepatitis B virus.

Immunoglobulins can be administered intramuscularly in non-immunized subjects who have come into contact with the HBV at a dose of 500 IU, but the injection should preferably be done within 24-72 hours of contact with the virus.

Immunoglobulins are also used to prevent the onset of the disease in newborns whose mothers are affected by hepatitis B at a dose of 30-100 IU / kg of body weight.

Also, if needed, immunoglobulins can be given to people who have already received the hepatitis B vaccine., even on the same day, provided that the administration takes place at different points.

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Remove kidney stones

Kidney stones is a complication that can arise from subjective predisposition or for factors such as obesity, unbalanced diet, poor hydration, infections, or simply because a subject eliminates excess substances such as calcium or uric acid or has to a lesser extent, in the body, chemicals such as citrates or magnesium that prevent their formation.

Removing Kidney stones by surgery

Usually, this procedure is practiced only in case of large and complex kidney stones, such as mold stones. A stencil stone is a stone that extends into large sections of the renal pelvis or one or more renal calyxes.

 Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) involves the removal of kidney stones by creating an artificial opening in the back. To do this, the kidney is pricked from the hip directly through the skin. 

This allows an endoscope to be inserted into the collecting apparatus of the kidneys, where the stone is located. This is usually done under general anesthesia. 

The urinary tract is prepared for the operation with the patient in the lithotomy position. After that, the patient is turned over on his stomach so that he is face down. This allows you to perform the surgery on your back.

The puncture occurs under visual control using radiographic and ultrasound imaging. Once the endoscope, which can be the thickness of a pencil, has been inserted into the kidney, it is possible to crush the stone with a laser or ultrasound probe and then remove the pieces.

 To finish the operation, a catheter is inserted into the kidney (external urinary derivation via the flank) or a ureteral stent (internal derivation) to avoid obstruction of the urinary flow.

Usually, the patient has to stay in the hospital for three to five days. If the procedure is performed by an experienced surgeon, the complication rate is usually low.

Kidney stones: what are the surgical options?

Stones that fail to proceed into the ureter must undergo surgical treatment. It is possible to resort to different techniques, the choice of which naturally depends on the characteristics, size, location, and several stones. Surgical procedures include;

EXTRACORPOREAL LITHOTRYSIS

PERCUTANEOUS RENAL LITHOTRISSY

URETRORENOSCOPY  (endoscopic urethral lithotripsy)

OPEN SURGICAL TREATMENT

Remove kidney stone procedure

EXTRACORPOREAL LITHOTRYSIS: consists of the fragmentation of small stones from outside the body, which are subsequently eliminated in the urine. This therapeutic method is minimally invasive and is mainly used for some calcium oxalate stones, struvite stones, and uric acid stones. On the contrary, the calculations of cystine and those of oxalate calcium monohydrate do not respond well to extracorporeal technique, therefore, are generally removed by percutaneous or transurethral lithotripsy;

PERCUTANEOUS RENAL LITHOTRISSY: it is performed through a hole at the lumbar level from which one enters with an instrument that allows the destruction of the stone and the aspiration of the fragments;

URETRORENOSCOPY  (endoscopic urethral lithotripsy): another solution is endoscopic removal. In practice, thin probes are introduced through the urethra, along the urinary tract, to reach the point where a small stone has stopped, to mobilize it, and make it go down into the bladder. An endoscopic method, which can always be performed by penetrating through the urethra and moving up from the bladder to the ureter, is ultrasound ureteroscopy. This procedure allows you to get to the stone and break it into fragments, which can then be eliminated together with the urine or removed with small pliers or "baskets".

OPEN SURGICAL TREATMENT: in cases so complex that the endoscopic approach is not recommended, it may be necessary to resort to open surgery, which involves opening the abdomen.

To know more on the various ways to Remove Kidney Stones CLICK HERE

            Remove kidney stones by laser

What is laser lithrotrissia?

Laser lithrotrissia is a surgical technique used to remove kidney stones using wave types: ultrasonic, electrohydraulic, or shock. 

The holmium laser, in particular, is among the most advanced techniques and allows the treatment of urethroscopy or endoscopy, using a laser beam of thermal energy that eliminates the obstructive tissue.

 This is a minimally invasive procedure that is usually done under local anesthesia or mild sedation to eliminate the pain of the surgery.

Why is it performed?

Laser lithrotrissia is used to fragment all types of kidney stones, whether they are cystine, calcium oxalate monohydrate, or brushite (calcium phosphate). It offers:

Great effectiveness in fragmenting any calculation

Maximum surgeon control during treatment as the laser introduces minimal propulsion or movement into the stone

Optimal use of fibers of different calibers and of great flexibility, which can be used with any endoscope

What does it consist of?

Laser lithrotrissia (remove kidney stones with laser) is a minimally invasive technique. Access to kidney stones is through a puncture in the skin at the lumbar level or the urethra to the bladder or ureter, depending on where the stone is located. 

Introduced is an optical fiber tube with a rigid and flexible tip, connected to a camera. Once the stones are located, they are fragmented with laser pulsation. The energy contained in the laser allows you to act quickly on the calculation.

Preparation for laser litrotrissia (remove kidney stones with laser)

Before carrying out laser lithotripsy(remove kidney stones with laser), the patient must communicate to the doctor:

If you are or might be pregnant

The medications you are taking

In addition, the doctor may request, in the days before the surgery to stop taking acetylsalicylic acid, anti-inflammatories, or drugs that make it difficult for blood to clot. On the day of the procedure, the patient must:

Do not drink or eat for several hours before surgery

Take the medications indicated by your doctor accompanied only by a small sip of water

Care after surgery

Inserting an endoscopic instrument into the urinary tract can cause it to swell, which can, in turn, obstruct the passage of urine from the kidney to the bladder. Consequently, a catheter should be temporarily placed within the urinary tract. Although it is slightly annoying, it is useful for carrying out normal urination.

 In addition to the discomfort of the urethral catheter in some cases, there may be slight bleeding in the urine, which does not last for more than 5 days.

It is always recommended that the patient be accompanied, even though it is an outpatient procedure, and that he be accompanied home. Once at home, rest and taking antibiotics and anti-inflammatories are indicated. 

The following day the patient can already return to daily activities. However, It is necessary to drink plenty of fluids in the following weeks: 8-10 glasses per day, to help remove debris. One month after the procedure, the patient will have to undergo a metabolic examination, with an evaluation of urine and blood for 24 hours, to study the factors that can intervene in the formation of stones. To this is added a 

                      remove kidney stones without surgery

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is the non-invasive procedure par excellence and is indicated when the stone is placed in the kidney and has a small size (less than 1.5 - 2 centimeters). 

The patient is made to lie down on the machine (lithotripter) by placing his side on a pillow filled with water. The calculation is shattered thanks to the shock waves generated by the machine and all conveyed to the calculation. The treatment does not include anesthesia, does not require hospitalization, and has a duration of 45-60 minutes.

 The stone fragments are then excreted in the urine over the next few days.

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Snakes in toilets|| How do snakes get in toilets

As of late, there has been worry over reports of a said woman to have passed on from a snake bite when she was involving the Toilet in her condo prompting many asking how that could be within the realm of possibilities.

To be sure, snakes can get into toilets through the interfacing lines and pits outside the house or get into the house, and afterward slither up and, or fall into the Toilet subsequent to being in the house

To see how section through pipes and interfacing pits occurs, one can initially check out the construction of the Toilet and how it associates with outside elements of the strong waste arrangement of a structure

A Toilet typically has three openings.

The first and greatest opening is the edge or top of the toilet; it is the part through which squanders from people (pee and crap) are delivered in the  toilet. Snakes can get into the toilet in the event that they move over the edge from the  toilet floor underneath, or from an open or broken window above. They may likewise fall into it from a stature over the edge for example open or broken roof, or the highest point of storage spaces and stacks around

The subsequent one is a little opening found simply behind and exceptionally near the highest point of the  toilet. This opening conveys the little line that acquires the flushing shower into the  toilet from the tank over the  toilet that holds the flush water. Snakes can get into this opening through the tank yet this possibly occurs assuming the front of the tank is broken, not sitting as expected or has been intentionally taken out and the flush siphon isn't set up. The flush siphon ordinarily covers the highest point of this line from inside the tank.

The third and last opening is a 100mm (four inches) wide round opening on the rear of the  toilet, it opens straightforwardly into the huge lines that interface the structure to the underground pits and tanks outside the structure

Most hid reptiles found in the  toilet typically get into the  toilet utilizing this last opening

How?

The line interfaces the  toilet to a review chamber, a crate like design right external the house, generally exceptionally near the mass of the  toilet, which thusly has pipes that connect to the septic tank (or, and, drench away pit,) and a vent pipe, that permits foul air to escape from the chamber and the septic tank/splash away pit.

A snake can get into an opening on the associating pipes, the investigation chamber, septic tank, splash away pit (like a major break on the cover chunk) and advantageously advance into the line that connects the  toilet seat to these designs, then, at that point, up, into the house.

The vent pipe is normally the most fragile moment that it isn't as expected covered or its cover tumble off and is left unattended

Hence, snakes get into  toilet

Try not to visit the  toilet without a light

Continuously review the  toilet toilet and its environmental factors before use

Try not to utilize the toilet floor as pressing space. Keep it clean to such an extent that it is not difficult to see on the double whether it is spotless and clear, or involved by unfamiliar bodies.

Review vent pipes, splash away pits and assessment chambers, roofs, rooftops, dividers, windows intermittently for openings, breaks and loosed covers. Fix this when they are taken note.

Recruit the perfect individuals to assemble, keep up with or clean your home or haven.

Permit great and clear space between your structure and encompassing designs, for example, fences and trees from which snakes can get into structures

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QUICK THINKING MOM SAVES FAMILY'S LIFE BY GIVING GUNMEN A BLOWJOB

QUICK THINKING MOM SAVES FAMILY'S LIFE BY GIVING GUNMEN A BLOWJOB

He was armed and dangerous but so is my mouth” ... Jennifer Bail is a hero to her family of four after doing the unthinkable to save their life.
A Texas woman is a hero to her family of four after giving a robber head long enough to distract him so that her husband could hit him in the back of the head with a chair while the children escaped.

“To say I’d do anything for my children would be an understatement at this point. Plus he wasn’t a minute man so it was a lot of work.” – Jennifer
Jennifer’s husband Raymond only had one thing to say about the ordeal ...
“She’s never given me head like that, but we will talk about that later. For now, I’m just glad our children are safe.”

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kwasu to build the biggest library in africa

Kwasu to build the biggest library in Africa.

Kwara state university (kwasu)which is located at malete has been of great progress in every aspect. One of these aspect is d building of the on going library which after completion will be the biggest library in Africa and the biggest building in Nigeria. This structure consist of a six storey building attach to another three storey building with an underground structure.

Side view

                                                       
                                              Front view

                                           Side view

Kwasu are trying to step up to meet the standard of different university in the world. So far kwasu has been ranked 15th in the ranking of Nigerian universities. Soon enough kwasu might step up to 1st. Who knows what might happen in 5years time?

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